Author: Yingyue Feng

The most significant element of Disney-Formalist hyperrealism is the lifelike movement – or motor function – of the animation, which reflects both the actual movements of live-action models and the skill of the animator. By employing a more studied variety of squash-and-stretch movement, from one drawing to the next, it quickly ‘became the very essence of animation’ (Thomas and Johnson 1995, 48).

Disney’s surrealistic animation theory is useful in many situations. Many movies or animations are now designed based on Disney’s theory and have achieved good results. But it’s not only to imitate Disney to succeed. The Spider-Man parallel universe I want to talk about is an example. He uses an unprecedented comic style. It is very innovative in many places and does not completely follow Disney’s animation theory.

The CGI animation of the film combines “line drawing points and various manga techniques” to make it look like a handmade creation, which can be called a “living painting”. This is achieved by the artist taking the rendered frames from the CGI animator and processing them in 2D, with the goal of making every frame of the movie “look like a comic panel.”

To make the film feel more like a comic book, it was animated without motion blur, instead of using an older technique called motion smearing. The frame rate varied between 24 images (animating on ones) and 12 images (animating on twos) per second, the latter case using the same image twice. The producers described the effect as making the animation “crunchy.”

In order to create depth of field, another technique is used: deliberately misaligning the colors, as if the colors are a bit misprinted, just like the ink printing in a real comic. Other ways to make movies look more like comics are halftones and Ben-Day points to create colors, tones and gradients, cross lines to create texture and shadows, Kirby Krackle to create energy illusions, motion lines to express movement, and onomatopoeia, images The words above represent sounds and actions.

Instead of using animation principles like squash and stretching, the animator came up with an alternative version, “This feels different in texture and feel, but it still achieves the same goal-either feel the weight, or expect it, or Shock or something like that.”

The whole movie imitates different comic styles for different characters. Spider-Gwen’s animation is based on the design in her comics, the black spider-man uses a black and white color scheme, and the spider ham is designed to be as “cartoon” as possible. Former Disney animator Shiyoon Kim served as the overall character designer, while Craig Kellman designed an exaggerated look for Spider Ham.

The directors all felt that the film would be one of the few that audiences actually “need” to watch in 3D, due to the immersive nature of the animated world created, and the way that the hand-drawn animation elements designed specifically for the film create a unique experience; Persichetti described the experience as a combination of the effects of an old-fashioned hand-drawn multiplane camera and a modern virtual reality environment.

The principle of animation forms the basis of all actions. The 12 principles of animation were first introduced by Disney animation producers Oli Johnston and Frank Thomas in their work “The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation”, which was first released in 1981. In this book, Johnston and Thomas studied the work of leading Disney animators. After the 1930s, their method was reduced to 12 basic principles of animation. These principles form the basis of all animation works and are interrelated with many different fields. The most obvious use is to animate characters, but these rules are also an invaluable guide in other areas. For example, if you want to introduce some animations into your work to make them look more interesting and so on.

1. Squeeze and stretch

The principle of squeeze and stretch is considered to be the most important of the 12 animation principles. It will let your animated characters and objects provide visual effects of gravity, weight, mass, and flexibility. Think about the reaction of a bouncing rubber ball when it is thrown into the air: the ball stretches when it moves up and down, and it shakes when it hits the ground.
When using extrusion and stretching, it is very important to keep the volume of the object consistent. Therefore, when you stretch an animated character, it needs to become thinner and thinner, and when you squash something, it needs to become wider.

2. Preparation

Preparatory actions help prepare the audience for what will happen. When used, it has the effect of making the movement of the object more realistic. Imagine our usual actions. At the beginning of a run, our body will first lean back, and then accelerate to run. This is the preparatory action. Think about it in our daily life. If you jump into the air without bending your knees or throw a ball without pulling your arm back first, it seems unnatural. In the same way, the anticipation of an animation movement without action will also make your actions look awkward, old, and lifeless.

3. Primary and secondary

The priority in the animation is very similar to the composition in the artwork. What we mean is that you should use actions to guide the viewer’s eyes and draw attention to the important things in the scene. Focus on the important things in the scene and omit or weaken all other unimportant actions.

4. Straight forward animation and key frame animation

There are two ways to make animation effects: straightforward and keyframes. Each method has its own advantages, and the two methods are often combined. The straightforward action involves making frame by frame from start to finish. If you want to do smooth, realistic movements, then straightforward movements are the best choice.
Using pose to pose (that is, keyframe animation) technology, you can draw the start frame, end frame, and several keyframes in between. Then you finish the rest of the transition animation work. This technology allows you to better control the animation time and animation form in the scene and can increase the dramatic effect of motion in the animation.

5. Follow and overlap movement

When an object stops after moving, some positions of the object will stop at a different rate. Likewise, everything on the object moves at different rates when in motion. This constitutes the fifth quintessence of Disney’s animation principles. This is very important, which is what we often call inertial motion.
Just imagine, if you sit on a bus, your body will lean back due to inertia at the moment the car moves forward, and then come back. When you break suddenly, your body will lean forward and then back due to inertial motion. This is the follow and overlapping motion.
This is a very important criterion for animation. Without these actions, the animation will be very stiff and boring.

6. Slow in and slow out animation

The best way to understand slow in and slow out is to think about how the car starts and stops. Before gaining power and acceleration, it will move slowly and then faster and faster. The opposite happens when the car brakes. In animation, this effect is achieved by adding more frames at the beginning and end of the action sequence. Applying this principle can give your animation more vitality.

7. Arc movement

Rather than saying that this is an animation law, it is more appropriate to call him the laws of physics. Animation comes from life, and the laws of physics must be respected, such as gravity. So when making an animation, most objects follow an arc or path when they move, and your animation should reflect the arc-shaped motion line. For example, when you throw a ball into the air, it will follow a natural arc because the gravity of the earth will affect it. For another example, the bending and swinging movements of the arms and legs when walking must also conform to the arc movement.

8. Secondary action

Auxiliary actions are used to support or emphasize the main actions that occur in the scene. Adding auxiliary actions helps to add more details and emotions to characters and objects. For example, the subtle movement of the character’s hair while walking, or it may be a facial expression or the reaction of a secondary object to the first one. Regardless of the situation, this secondary action should not distract the primary action.

9. Time and rhythm

For this animation principle, we need to study the laws of physics again and apply what we see in nature to our animation. This law of physics is time.
If you move objects faster or slower than objects that move naturally in the real world, the animation effects will lose credibility. Using the right time can control the emotions and reactions of characters and objects. But this does not mean that it must be followed. For example, in some animations, you can speed up or slow down the time appropriately for fun or to enhance the atmosphere. But the basic rules of time still have to be observed. For example, touching a person’s face for two seconds will feel like touching or comforting. If you touch a person’s face for one-third of a second, you will feel like fighting. So a very important direction for us to study animation is the control of time.

10. Exaggeration

If too many animation effects are close to reality, it will destroy the atmosphere and interest of the animation, making it appear static and boring. Instead, add some exaggeration to your characters and objects to make them more dynamic. This requires you to find an exaggerated rhythm and method in animation production so that your animation can have a soul and be more easily accepted by the public, and the imagination of animation can be infinite.

11. Basic painting skills

You need to understand the basics of drawing. This includes understanding how to draw and understand shapes and anatomy, weight and volume, and light and shadow in three-dimensional space. Although you can also push the limits of animation style, it is very important to maintain consistency. For example, if you have an eclectic character image and world style in your cartoon, then you must maintain the unity of the style. Of course, this style must be based on a painting. Otherwise, your animation effects will not be too popular.

12. Cater to the masses, attractive

Your characters, objects, and the world they live in need to appeal to the audience. This includes easy-to-read design, solid drawing, and personality. There is no formula to do this. It requires you to work hard and study the needs of the public. Of course, we advocate innovation and development, but these need to be built on the premise of solid basic skills.

What you have to do is not only provide people’s needs, but more importantly, you have to create demand, which is innovation.

In 1933, the stop-motion animation King Kong produced by Little Brian appeared.

In 1963 Harryhausen created a skeleton that filled the sequence of actions.

In 1985, the artist brought the first calculated character to the screen.

In 1989, photoshop was used for the first time in the feature film The Abyss. It took a long time and six months to do 72 seconds.

1991 Improved the effects of water and used them for the liquid metal cyborg in Terminator 2.

1993 Jurassic Park brought a complete picture of real dinosaurs. It has a skeleton, skin texture, and delicate muscles. Use an armature connected to the workstation to transfer the dinosaur’s movements to the computer as a keyframe.

In 1995, IML created the first computer-animated character in the movie Casper. At the same time, the first full-length animated Toy Story made entirely by computer appeared.

1996 The face of the dragon is made to imitate the face of a human.

In 1999, Star Wars needed to complete more than two thousand visual effects. Includes 60 digital characters.

In 2001, the first landmark, ultra-real and fully computer-generated feature film based on original design appeared.

2002 Peter Jackson’s “Lord of the Rings” trilogy won the Oscar for Best Visual Award for three consecutive years.
In the same year, a completely digital character was added to Star Wars.

In 2003 the artist used a process called universal capture. This process produced a 3D recording of the editing of real actors’ performances. Then you can see the whole scene from different angles and different lighting conditions.

In 2005, Peter Jackson used a computer to generate the protagonist in King Kong 70 years ago. And the motion reference and motion capture are provided. The extraordinary thing about King Kong is that he has the most visual effects in a single movie.

The special effects of 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean Part 2 are so good that many people think they are watching real people perform with prosthetics.

In 2007, the artist used Sony Imageworks’ advanced motion capture technology to convert real-life action into digital animation. This is digital aging with the help of movers contour technology. The movement is analyzed and transmitted to the digital head. Benjamin Button won the Oscar for Best Visual Award.

2009 Avatar

1609

With a machine that can play pictures quickly. The earliest animation appeared. Through the rapid succession of images, people can create the illusion that they are looking at something that is really moving.

1800

Draw different patterns on both sides of a round sign. After turning it quickly, you can see that the patterns are connected together to form a complete pattern. The revolving lantern appeared.

1900

The camera appeared, and the images drawn by hand could be photographed and turned into animation works.

1914

Gertie the dinosaur, the earliest animation in the world, appeared. This is the first film to use animation techniques such as keyframe registration mark tracing paper, mutoscope action viewer and animation loops, and it has also influenced the next generation of animators.

1928

Mickey mouse, by UB Iwerks appears. This is the first cartoon with synchronized sound and the first cartoon featuring a fully post-production soundtrack.

1929

The financial crisis appeared and many people lost their jobs. More and more cartoons are appearing in movie theaters.

1937

“Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs” appeared. This is the first full-length traditional animated feature film and the first Disney animated feature film. Some scenes of Snow White and the prince are directly traced from real-life footage. And began to use different layers to superimpose into a picture. And the character design is also very popular.

Especially the seven dwarfs, each dwarf has a very distinct personality.

FPX —— Frame’s Per Second

25Fpx is enough to make the continuous pictures fool your brain and make them think it is a continuous animation.

1970

The students started watching cartoons at home. There are many different kinds of animations appearing at this time.
The computer appears, and you can use the computer to make animations. Pixar appeared.

1986

Founded by Edwin Catmull Alvy Ray Smith and Steve Jobs.

CGI——Computer Generated Imagery

Cgi is an application of computer graphics, and most commonly used to refer to the creation of characters, scenes and special effects in movies and TV. 3d computer graphics are described as cgi animation.

Clay animation is a stop motion animation. Each animation work is variable, regardless of the character or background, and is made of malleable material. Usually plasticine. Every object or character is sculpted around a wire skeleton with clay or other flexible materials like plasticine. On the arrangement set. First take a shot, then gently move it with your hand, and prepare for the next shot, and so on, until the animator reaches the required amount of film.

1995

The rise of Japanese anime. And the rise of Pixar-based cg animation. Toy Story is the first fully computer-animated film.

2009

“Avatar” is a 2009 American real-time science fiction film, directed by James Cameron, screenwriter, production and co-editing. The success of this movie has also prompted electronics manufacturers to release 3D TVs, which has led to the increasing popularity of 3D movies. This movie is a complete live action shot, combining a mixture of computer-generated characters and live environment. Cameron used his virtual camera system, which is a new method of directing motion capture film production.

2015

CG animation is very popular, and there are many excellent CG animations.

Modern Japanese animation is also very popular. Japanese anime has many manga adapted from Japan.

The film first appeared on the screen on December 28th, 1895 in Paris. This film shown was the world’s first screen comedy. This movie is about a boy who stands on the hosepipe blocking the flow of water when he removes his foot.

In 1872, Eadweard Muybridge was asked to settle a bet: one way or the other at any point in a horse’s gallop are all four legs off the ground. Five years later in 1877, bet by setting up a system of 12 separate stills cameras spaced 21 inches apart each camera ran on a tripwire. That was triggered by the horse’s hooves here a succession of photographs gives the impression of movement.

In 1891, the American inventor Thomas Edison had perfected the kinetoscope. A year later, in 1892 Emile Reynaud projected the first animated film on his kinetoscope.

In England, two pioneers Robert W Paul and Bert Akers had invented the first British 35 millimeter camera in 1895. Robert W Paul demonstrated his projector the theatre graph on the 21st of February 1896. The same day that the Lumiere system was displayed in London. His most successful early film was the Derby shot four months later in June 1896 when Robert W Paul showed his film the day after the race of two music halls.

Film is often shown in musicals in between the variety acts a lot of these. Early films utilize those same variety acts and put them on the screen as subject magic this is an act called a serpentine dance.

George became interested in magic tricks. George Melia his trademark style was filming the fantastic about 100 years ago George Malley a imagined the future we’re heading towards a Channel Tunnel day, and George Miller made a film about the Channel Tunnel it was about 100 years ago he imagined the future. 

In 1897 George Melia built the world’s first film studio here in Montreux. In Mont Royal on the outskirts of Paris George Melly a film studio is a few hundred yards that way this studio was built by Charles pate. In 1904, the glass ceiling allows natural daylight to flood in at that stage electric light wasn’t powerful enough, and because no sound was being recorded you can make a couple of films at the same time in the same studio. They produce more and quicker soon they were producing 16 films a month, employing up to 1700 people and with a worldwide distribution network a cottage industry, became a global phenomenon meanwhile back across the channel.

George Albert Smith was a stage  hypnotist and magic lantern exhibitor. Here’s one of the magic lanterns he would have worked with George was the English Mellie azor. If you prefer Mellie aise was the French Smith both men were experienced state performers and both wanted to make films are entertaining and amusing, he was one of Smith’s earliest efforts this is the Quaker maintance a simple single setup so typical of very early cinema here at the whole Museum.
  

The important thing about Williams and he was very influenced by Smith’s work. But he took it further as why he developed the film narrative so he was one of the first filmmakers to develop multi shot films, and also for dramatic effects cutting from one shot to another from different camp cameras and different camera angles to create a dramatic effect.

Alice kee began making films for go mont in either 1896 or 1897 by either date. She’s a pioneer she was a fairly accomplished filmmaker with a keen sense of humor this is how monsieur takes his bath from 1903. How do you introduce novelty into standard street scene well Alice does this. This is Alice key in Spain in 1905 compared these people’s reaction to a camera with a modern crowd. 

Fred Evans film once the babies knocked out of the pram is then used as a fan. Fred Evans was a very popular English comedian. Whose career had begun in the musical a predominantly working-class entertainment the musical provided ready-made acts for the early years of cinema. Fred specialized in parodies of dramatic stories.

Andre Deed left passe in 1908. He joined eat ala an Italian film company this is a an extract from an Andre deed film. We’ve had accompany in these films so far brilliantly and beautifully for us. But not always where these films just accompanied by music also had sound effects to them for our next film.

Here is Max Louies at the family home in southwest France. That other comedians would remember and later use themselves and here’s Buster Keaton in the goat within a couple of years of Max’s debut. He was the most popular comedian in the world. 

When Hollywood took over as the leader of world cinema the end of the Great War, the language of cinema was already fully formed. Not only had film pioneers, invented the moving picture camera and projector, they’d also invented film techniques editing fades screen wipes double exposure and early systems for color and camera movement. At the end of the war the previous dominance of the European film industry was over Hollywood took the lead and it never gave.  

The trip to the moon shot in 1902 was one of the most famous films at the time. But that film has remained with the moon and the end of rocket and be one of the very famous images of early cinema.